Abstract
The familiarity with the ancient disease anthrax from the second millennium b. c. through the second millennium a.d. is reviewed, providing the backdrop to the modern understanding of this disease as covered in the remainder of the volume.By means of an overview of the aetiology, ecology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and bacteriology of the naturally acquired disease, this opening chapter also lays down the groundwork for the subsequent state-of-the-art chapters.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anon (1918) Report of the departmental committee appointed to inquire as to precautions for preventing danger of infection from anthrax in the manipulation of wool, goat hair, and camel hair. Vol. II. Report of the Committee, p. 13. HMSO, London
Barnes JM (1947) The development of anthrax following the administration of spores by inhalation. Br J Exp Pathol 28: 385–394
Bowen JE, Turnbull PCB (1992) The fate of Bacillus anthracis in unpasteurized and pasteurized milk. Lett Appl Microbiol 15: 224–227
Brachmann PS (1991) In: Evans ES, Brachmann PS (eds) Bacterial infections of humans. Epidemiology and control, 2nd edn. Plenum Medical Book Co, New York, pp 75–86
Burdon KL (1956) Useful criteria for the identification of Bacillus anthracis and related species. J Bacteriol 71: 25–42
Burdon KL, Wende RD (1960) On the differentiation of anthrax bacilli from Bacillus cereus. J Infect Dis 107: 224–234
Carter GB (1992) Porton Down. 75 years of chemical and biological research. HMSO, London
Carter G, Balmer B (1999) Chemical and biological warfare and defence, 1945 –90. In: Bud R, Gummett P (eds) Cold war, hot science. Applied research in Britain’s defence laboratories, 1945–1990. Harwood Academic Publishers, Australia, Canada, The Netherlands
Carter GB, Pearson GS (1999) British biological warfare and biological defence, 1925–45. In: Geissler E, van Courtland Moon JE (eds) Biological and toxin weapons: research, development and use from the Middle Ages to 1945. Oxford University Press, pp 168–189
Choquette LPE, Broughton E (1981) In: Davis JW, Karsted LH, Trainer DO (eds) Infectious diseases of wild mammals, 2nd edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp 288–296
Christie AB (1969) Infectious Diseases: Epidemiology and Clinical Practice. ES Livingstone Ltd, Edinburgh, pp 752–779
Christie AB (1987) Anthrax. In: Christie AB (ed) Infectious diseases: epidemiology and clinical practice, 4th edn. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 983–1003
Cole SW (1847) The American veterinarian or diseases of domestic animals. John P. Jewett Co., Boston, pp 214–217
Dalldorf FG, Kaufmann AF, Brachman PS (1971) Woolsorter’s disease. Arch Pathol 92: 418–426
De Vos V (1990) The ecology of anthrax in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Salisbury Med Bull No 68 (special suppl),19–23
De Vos V, Turnbull PCB (2001) Anthrax. In: Coetzer CAWJ, Thompson GR, Tustin RC, Kriek NNPJ (eds) Infectious diseases of livestock, with special reference to South Africa, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Cape Town (in press)
Dirckx, JM (1981). Virgil on anthrax. Am J Dermatopathol 3: 191–195
Davies JCA (1983) A major epidemic of anthrax in Zimbabwe. Central Afr J Med 29: 8–12
Druett HA, Henderson DW, Packman L, Peacock S (1953) Studies on respiratory infection with anthrax spores. I. The influence of particle size on respiratory infection with anthrax spores. J Hyg 51: 359–371
Ebedes H (1976) Anthrax epizootics in Etosha National Park. Madoqua 10: 99–118
Eurich FW, Hewlett RT (1930) Bacillus anthracis. In: A system of bacteriology in relation to medicine. HMSO, London, pp 439–478
Franz DR, Zajtchuk R (2000) Biological terrorism: understanding the threat, preparation, and medical response. Disease-a-Month 46: 129–190
Geissler E (1999) Biological warfare activities in Germany, 1923–45. In: Geissler E, van Courtland Moon JE (eds) Biological and toxin weapons: research, development and use from the Middle Ages to 1945. Oxford University Press, pp 91–126
Glassman HN (1966) Discussion (industrial inhalation anthrax). Bacteriol Rev 30: 657–659
Gleiser CA (1967) Pathology of anthrax infection in animal hosts. Fed Proc 26: 1518–1521
Gleiser CA, Gochenour WS, Ward MK (1968) Pulmonary lesions in dogs and pigs exposed to a cloud of anthrax spores. J Comp Pathol 78: 445–449
Gordon RE, Haynes WC, Pang CH-N (1973) The Genus Bacillus. Agricultural Research Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 427. Washington DC, USDA
Guillemin J (1999) Anthrax. The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, p 321
Hambleton P, Carman JA, Meling J (1984) Anthrax: The disease in relation to vaccines. Vaccine 2: 125–132
Hanna PC, Acosta D, Collier RJ (1993) On the role of macrophages in anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 10198–10201
Henderson DA (1999) The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science 283: 1279–1282
Heyworth B, Ropp ME, Voos UG, Meinel HI, Darlow HM (1975) Anthrax in the Gambia: an epidemiological study. Brit Med J 4: 79–82
Hutyra F, Marek J (1922) Special Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals, 2nd American edn, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, Chicago and London
Jernigan JA, Stephens DS,Ashford DA, Omenaca C, Topiel MS, Galbraith M, Tapper M, Fisk TL, Zaki S, Popovic T, Meyer RF, Quinn CP, Harper SA, Fridkin SK, Sejvar JJ, Shepard CW, McConnell M, Guarner J, Shieh W-J, Malecki JM, Gerberding JL, Hughes JM, Perkins BA (2001) Bioterrorismrelated inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 7:933–944. This article is available from websitehttp://www.bt.cdc.govin downloadable format
Klemm DM, Klemm WR (1959) A history of anthrax. J Am Vet Med Assoc 135: 458–462
Knight BCJG, Proom H (1950) A comparative survey of the nutrition and physi- ology of mesophilic species in the genus Bacillus. J Gen Microbiol 4: 508–538
Lalitha MK,Anandi V, Walter N, Devadatta JO, Pulimood BM (1988) Primary anthrax presenting as an injection abscess. Ind J Pathol Microbiol 31:254– 256
Lincoln RE, Fish DC (1970) Anthrax toxin. In: Montie TC, Kadis S, Ajl SJ (eds) Microbial Toxins III. Academic Press, New York, pp 361–414
Little SF, Ivins BE (1999) Molecular pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis infection. Microbes Infect 2: 131–139
Little SF, Leppla SH, Burnett JW, Friedlander AMF (1994) Structure-function analysis of Bacillus anthracis edema factor by using monoclonal antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 199: 676–682
Logan NA, Turnbull PCB (1999) Bacillus and recently derived genera. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology, 6th edn. ASM Press, Washington DC, pp 357–369
McGovern TW, Christopher GW, Eitzen EM (1999) Cutaneous manifestations of biological warfare and related threat agents. Arch Dermatol 135:311– 322
Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, Langmuir A, Popova I, Shelokov A, Ampolskaya O (1994) The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 266: 1202–1208
Okinaka R, Cloud K, Hampton O, Hoffmaster AR, Hill KK, Keim P, Koehler TM, Lamke G, Mahillon J, Manter D, Martinez Y, Ricke D, Svensson R, Jackson PJ (1999) Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes. J. Bacteriol 181: 6509–6515
Parvizpour D (1978) Human anthrax in Iran. An epidemiological study of 468 cases. Intl J Zoon 5: 69–74
Plotkin SA, Brachman PS, Utell M, Bumford FH, Atchison MM (1960) An epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century. Am J Med 29: 992–1001
Quinn CP, Turnbull PCB (1998) Anthrax. In: Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M (eds), Topley Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th edn, vol 3. Arnold, London, pp 799–818
Rao KNS, Mohiyudeen S (1958) Tabanus flies as transmitters of anthrax–a field experience. Indian Vet J 35: 348–353
Read T, Peterson S (1999) Whole genome sequencing of Bacillus anthracis. Abstracts of the 2nd International Workshop on the molecular biology of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis. Taos, New Mexico, August 11–13, 1999
Redmond C, Hall GA, Turnbull PCB, Gillgan JS (1997) Experimentally assessed public health risks associated with pigs from farms experiencing anthrax. Vet Rec 141: 244–247
Redmond C, Pearce MJ, Manchee RJ, Berdal BP (1998) Deadly relic of the Great War. Nature 393: 747–748
Ross JM (1955) On the histopathology of experimental anthrax in the guinea-pig. Br J Exp Pathol 36: 336–339
Ross JM (1957) The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route. J Pathol Bacteriol 73: 485–494
Salmon DE (1896) Anthrax. In: Special report on diseases of the horse. Government Printing Office, Washington, pp 526–530
Schlingman AS, Devlin HB, Wright GG, Maine RJ, Manning M (1956) Immunizing activity of alum-precipitated protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis in cattle, sheep and swine. Am J Vet Res 17: 256–261
Sen SK, Minett FC (1944) Experiments on the transmission of anthrax through flies. Indian J Vet Sci Ani Husb 14: 149–158
Smith KL, deVos V, Bryden H, Hugh-Jones ME, Keim P, Price LB, Klevytska A, Scholl DT (1999) Meso-scale ecology of anthrax in southern Africa: a pilot study of diversity and clustering. J Appl Microbiol 87: 204–207
Sterne M (1937) The effects of different carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth of virulent anthrax strains. Pathogenicity and immunity tests on guinea pigs and sheep with anthrax variants derived from virulent strains. Ond J Vet Sci An Ind 9: 49–67
Sterne M (1959) Anthrax. In: Stableforth AW, Galloway IA (eds) Infectious Diseases of Animals. Diseases due to Bacteria, vol. I. Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, pp 16–52
Sterne M (1967) Distribution and economic importance of anthrax. Fed Proc 26: 1493–1495
Turell MJ, Knudson GB (1987) Mechanical transmission of Bacillus anthracis by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes taeniorhynchus). Infect Immun 55: 1859–1861
Turnbull PCB (1998) Anthrax. In: Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Simpson D (eds) Textbook of Zoonoses Control, Oxford University Press, 3–16
Turnbull PCB (1999) Definitive identification of Bacillus anthracis–a review. J Appl Microbiol 87: 237–240
Turnbull PCB (2000) Current status of immunization against anthrax: old vaccines may be here to stay for a while. Curr Opin Infect Dis 13: 113–120
Turnbull PCB, Quinn CP, Henderson I (2001) Bacillus anthracis and other Bacillus species. In: Sussman M (ed) Molecular Medical Microbiology, Academic Press, London, pp 2011–2031
Turnbull PCB, Bell RHV, Saigawa K, Munyenyembe FEC, Mulenga CK, Makala LHC (199 1) Anthrax in wildlife in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Vet Rec 128: 399–403
Turnbull PCB, Böhm R, Cosivi O, Doganay M, Hugh-Jones ME, Joshi DD, Lalitha MK, de Vos V (1998) Guidelines on surveillance and control of anthrax in humans and animals. WHO/EMC/ZDI/98. 6
Turnbull PCB, Jackson PJ, Hill KK, Keim P, Kolstø A-B, Beecher DJ (2000) Longstanding taxonomic enigmas within the ‘Bacillus cereus group’ are on the verge of being resolved by far-reaching molecular developments. Forecasts on the possible outcome by an ad hoc team. In: Berkeley RCW, Logan NA, Heyndrickx M, de Vos P (eds) Applications and systematics of Bacillus and relatives. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford
Turnbull PCB, Lindeque PM, Le Roux J, Bennett AM, Parks SR(1998) Airborne movement of anthrax spores from carcass sites in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. J Appl Microbiol 84: 667–676
Wheelis M (1999) Biological sabotage in World War I. In: Geissler E, van Courtland Moon JE (eds) Biological and toxin weapons: research, development and use from the Middle Ages to 1945. Oxford University Press, pp 35–69
Widdicombe JG, Hughes R, May AJ (1956) The role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of anthrax. Br J Exp Pathol 37: 343–349
Wilson GS, Miles A (1946) Anthrax. In: Topley and Wilson’s principles of bacteri- ology, virology and immunity, 3rd edn. Edward Arnold, London, pp 1730–1745
Young GA, Zelle MR, Lincoln RE (1946) Respiratory pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis spores. 1. Methods of study and observations on pathogenesis. J Infect Dis 79: 233–245
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Turnbull, P.C.B. (2002). Introduction: Anthrax History, Disease and Ecology. In: Koehler, T.M. (eds) Anthrax. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 271. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05767-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05767-4_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07799-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-05767-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive